Fitch Warns Climate Risks Could Weaken Nigerian Banks’ Credit Quality

Nigerian banks are increasingly exposed to climate-related risks that could materially affect their credit profiles and asset quality over the coming decades. This is according to a new report by Fitch Ratings titled “African Banks Have Structural Exposure to Climate Risk; Credit Implications Evolving.”

Oil, Gas, and Agriculture Expose Nigerian Banks

Fitch said that while the immediate impact of climate risks on African lenders remains manageable, both transition and physical risks are expected to intensify over time. Nigeria’s dependence on hydrocarbons and agriculture leaves its banking sector particularly vulnerable to climate-related shocks.

The agency noted that a substantial portion of Nigerian banks’ loan books is concentrated in sectors that could be adversely affected by global decarbonisation policies, technological shifts, and changing investor preferences. “Oil and gas, mining, and heavy industry remain central to economic activity in several countries, with Nigerian banks among the most exposed due to the country’s reliance on hydrocarbons and agriculture,” Fitch stated.

The rating agency warned that as international climate commitments become more stringent, some carbon-intensive industries may experience declining profitability. Certain assets could become stranded, increasing credit risks for lenders with concentrated exposures.

Agriculture Borrowers Face Growing Uncertainty

Agriculture-related borrowers also face growing uncertainty as extreme weather events, including floods and droughts, become more frequent and severe. According to Fitch, these developments could weaken borrowers’ repayment capacity, reduce collateral values, and lead to higher credit losses across the banking sector.

Fitch also highlighted the growing regulatory focus on climate-related policies across Africa. Nigeria is currently developing carbon-pricing and carbon-market frameworks as part of broader efforts to support its climate commitments and transition objectives. While such measures are expected to support sustainability goals, Fitch noted that they could increase operating costs for businesses in affected sectors, with potential knock-on effects on banks through weaker credit performance among borrowers.

The report added that African banks generally face elevated transition risks because of their exposure to industries that are vulnerable to emissions-reduction policies and technological disruption. Although transition risks remain the dominant concern in the near term, Fitch expects physical climate risks to become increasingly significant by 2050.

Nigeria’s Climate Vulnerability Score

Using its Climate Vulnerability Signals (Climate.VS) framework, Fitch estimates that Nigeria could record a combined climate-risk score of between 50 and 55 by 2050. This places Nigeria alongside countries such as Ghana, Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa in terms of vulnerability.

Fitch noted that climate shocks may weaken household incomes, reduce corporate profitability, and increase macroeconomic volatility, all of which could translate into higher credit risks for banks. Real estate and agriculture-linked collateral could also lose value over time, leading to higher loan-to-value ratios and increased impairment charges.

Banks Urged to Strengthen Climate Preparedness

Despite the risks, Fitch said opportunities exist for banks that proactively adapt to the evolving landscape. The agency pointed to the growth of green finance, sustainable lending, and climate-focused investment products as potential avenues for diversification and resilience. According to the report, banks should begin integrating climate considerations into risk management frameworks, diversify sector exposures, and engage customers on low-carbon transition strategies.

Fitch also noted that regulators and stakeholders across Africa are placing greater emphasis on climate-risk management and disclosure. In Nigeria, the Central Bank of Nigeria has begun developing frameworks aimed at improving climate-risk classification, governance, and transparency within the financial sector. The agency warned that banks that fail to adapt may face reputational risks, reduced investor confidence, and potential funding constraints as global capital increasingly flows toward institutions with stronger sustainability credentials.

The report noted that Nigeria faces a delicate balancing act between supporting economic growth and advancing its climate commitments. While the country remains heavily dependent on oil and gas revenues and possesses significant natural gas reserves, it has also committed under the Paris Agreement to substantially reduce emissions and work toward net-zero targets over the long term.

Fitch concluded that the transition is likely to be gradual but warned that banks must begin preparing now for the structural changes ahead. Institutions that effectively manage climate risks and capitalize on emerging green finance opportunities are expected to be better positioned to remain resilient and support sustainable economic growth.

What This Means for Nigerian Banks and the Naira

For Nigerian banks, the warning signals that loan portfolios tied to oil, gas, and agriculture could face rising impairment charges. This may pressure bank profitability and, in turn, affect their ability to lend. For consumers and businesses, tighter credit conditions could emerge. The naira, already under strain, faces additional risk if climate shocks weaken Nigeria’s export earnings from oil and agricultural products, potentially widening the current account deficit.